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: ''For devotions in the Eastern Catholic Churches, refer to the articles on the individual Churches or the corresponding Orthodox Churches.'' Roman Catholic devotions are "external practices of piety" which are not part of ("external" to) the official liturgy of the Catholic Church but are part of the spiritual practices of Catholics.〔(Carroll, Michael P.,''Catholic cults and devotions'', p. 7, 1989, ISBN 0-7735-0693-4 )〕 Catholic devotions are not part of liturgical worship, even if they are performed in a Catholic church, in a group, or in the presence of (or even led by) a priest.〔( Santi, Angelo de. "Liturgical Chant." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 29 May 2013 )〕 The Congregation for Divine Worship at the Vatican publishes a ''Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy''.〔(Congregation for Divine Worship, ''Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy'', Vatican City, December 2001. )〕 Devotion to saints, with the Virgin Mary as the most prominent example, is a key characteristic of Roman Catholicism.〔Dues, Greg. ''Catholic Customs and Traditions:'',p. 106, 1993, ISBN 0-89622-515-1〕 Catholic devotions have various forms, ranging from formalized, multi-day prayers such as novenas to activities which do not involve any prayers, such as Eucharistic adoration outside Mass, the wearing of scapulars,〔(Thurston, Herbert. "Popular Devotions." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 29 May 2013 )〕 the veneration of the saints, the Canonical coronations of sacred Marian or Christological images and even horticultural practices such as maintaining a Mary garden. Common examples of Catholic devotions include the Rosary, the Stations of the Cross, the Sacred Heart of Jesus, the Holy Face of Jesus, the various scapulars, the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Our Lady of Guadalupe, Seven Sorrows of Mary, novenas to various saints, pilgrimages and devotions to the Blessed Sacrament, and the veneration of saintly images == Context and background == While the Catholic Church considers the liturgy as central to the life and mission of the Church and encourages Catholics to participate in it as often as possible, it also acknowledges the objective nature of the liturgy and encourages the cultivation of pious acts and personal devotions; the constitution ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'' states, "The spiritual life, however, is not limited solely to participation in the liturgy. ... Popular devotions of the Christian people are to be highly commended, provided they accord with the laws and norms of the Church, above all when they are ordered by the Apostolic See."〔(Pope Paul VI, ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'', Vatican City, December 4, 1963 )〕 Several factors shape the efficacy of devotional practice, e.g. a strong emotional appeal, a simplicity of form which puts them within the reach of all, the association with many others engaged in the same practices and their derivation from the example of others considered to lead a holy life.〔 Since the Middle Ages, popes have encouraged devotions such as Eucharistic Adoration, the Rosary and the Stations of the Cross. However, the position of the Church with respect to the primacy of liturgy over specific devotions has always been maintained.〔(Vatican ''Directory of Devotions'' item 11. )〕 On the other hand, pious devotions have influenced some important parts of the Catholic calendar such as the feast of Corpus Christi which arose after petitions by those following the devotion; or various Marian feasts that gradually appeared with the growth of devotions.〔Rev Neil J. Roy, in ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' by Ann Ball, 2003 ISBN 0-87973-910-X pages 1-16〕 Catholic devotions can form the basis of major community events e.g. the statue of our Our Lady of Zapopan attracts over one million pilgrims on October 12 each year as the statue travels through the streets moving from one Cathedral to another.〔Rowe, William. ''Images of power: iconography, culture and state in Latin America'', p. 271, ISBN 1-57181-533-3〕〔''Fodor's Mexico'' 1996 ISBN 0-679-03249-5 page 242〕 In Roman Catholic tradition a wide range of practices have developed, from devotions to the Holy Trinity to specific saints ranging from Saint Joseph to Saint Francis Xavier. The three level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia determines the appropriate type of worship and veneration for different situations.〔''Summa Theologiae: Volume 41, Virtues of Justice in the Human Community'' by Thomas Aquinas and T. C. O'Brien 2006 ISBN 0-521-02949-X pages 40-45〕〔''Summa Theologica, Volume 3'' by Thomas Aquinas 2007 ISBN 1-60206-558-6 page1633〕 The term latria (from the Greek λατρεία, ''latreia'') is used for worship, adoration and reverence directed only to the Holy Trinity.〔( Cabrol, Fernand. "Christian Worship." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 29 May 2013 )〕 Dulia (from the Greek δουλεία, ''douleia'') is the kind of honor given to the communion of saints, with the exception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, who is honored with hyperdulia. Thus hyperdulia is below latria and above dulia.〔〔 Various unapproved acts such as the promotion of chain letters that contain prayers or the belief that the use of a statue of Saint Joseph can speed up the sale of a house have been discouraged as non-pious, superstitious and against Catholic values. In general, acts and beliefs that aim at the manipulation of divine power for specific gainful purposes are always condemned as contrary to Catholic devotional practices.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Roman Catholic devotions」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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